Compare Mencius theory of Human Nature as Good with Xunzis Theory of Essay

Compare Mencius theory of Human Nature as Good with Xunzis Theory of Human Nature as Evil - Essay Example He said when people follow their original morality, they show exceptional goodness that has been bestowed on them by nature. According to him people are unhappy when others suffer and would like to save them from such sufferings and that is the side of goodness and he showed the example of all people rushing to save the child, which is about to fall into a well. According to him, the original good nature of man gets hit by disappointments and difficulties like trees on mountain slopes being targeted by horrendous winds and he gives examples of once beautiful, now bedraggled trees of Niu Mountain. "Mencius belonged to one of those philosophical schools and all these schools were competing among themselves for disciples and for the favour of rulers which would bring wealth, power and positionsMencius was therefore, in a position that he had to explain more clearly than Confucius why every man should strive to be a 'superior man'" Hwang (1979, p.205). His arguments are termed as too idealistic, far from reality, far removed from real life happenings and he argues a kind of mysticism beyond comprehension and belief. He is also criticized that all people cannot be endowed with such superfluous goodness as he supposed. Funnily, in spite of criticism, Mencius' theory continued to exist and is quite relevant even today. "Mencius, on the other hand, is more truly a mystic. Not only does he believe that a man can attain oneness with the universe by perfecting his own moral nature, but he has absolute faith in the moral purpose of the universe. His great achievement is that he not only successfully defended the teachings of Confucius against the corrosive influence of new ideas but, in the process, added to Confucianism a depth that it did not possess before," Lau (1970, p.46). He stressed upon ethical predispositions of mind and heart. He argued that any budding evil could be controlled by self-reflection and self-cultivation. His ethical ideal was benevolence humaneness. Xunzi lived towards the end of Warring States Period (453-221 BCE) and along with Mencius and Confucius, was one of the three main architects of Confucius school of Philosophy in China. This period saw great philosophical flowering in China that enveloped almost all spheres of life, society, politics, ruling, warfare, defense etc. He lived in a 'cutthroat' age and it is not surprising that his philosophy is based on human evil. He also felt the need of human education and moral training. "Human nature is evil; what is good is artifice. Now, human nature is as follows. At birth there is fondness for profit in it. Following this, contention and robbery arise, and deference and courtesy are destroyed," Goldin (1999, p.6). Xunzi was directly opposite to Mencius in assuming that human nature starts with evil and not with goodness. His thought clashes with that of Mencius on the fundamentals itself. "But it flatly contradicts the view of Mencius, who taught that man is naturally inclined to goodness and in later centuries, when Mencius' view came to be regarded as the orthodox one, it led to an unhappy clouding of Hsun Tzu's entire system of thought," Watson (1967, p.5). He thought man is prone to evil dispositions, and ethical rules of society are invented to prevent this natural process. His philosophy says that Man is naturally an evil,

Innovation and Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words - 2

Innovation and Change - Essay Example Today, innovative activity is a vital undertaking in determining the competitiveness of a country in the global markets as well as its economic progress. Despite the great importance that innovation bears in addition to the opportunities brought about by globalisation and new and advanced technologies; many governments around the globe are faced with difficulties in strengthening their activities in this area (Cole, 2010). This paper sets out to discuss the policy issues and challenges that face innovation and look at the ways to address these challenges. In the process of addressing these challenges; it is evident that influencers of policies regulating innovation activities are mostly governments. In addition, the major steps to be taken towards addressing most of the challenges are often within the power of the government. Today, the rise in the standards of living of people around the globe can be attributed to innovation. Today’s more productive economy can be pointed to the application of technological advances in combination with innovative and entrepreneurial approaches in the creation and distribution of commodities; both goods and services (Economist Intelligence Unit, 2009). In areas where the regulatory and market structures are favourable to the expansion of the more productive activities; the result is more economic growth and development hence; the effort of innovation in conjunction with formal research and development (R&D) remain the main themes of growth. Research opines that innovation is on the rise towards forming a major part of the economic activity (Warda et al., 2006). In the past two decades, growth in investment in machinery and equipment has been more rapid than in knowledge in most countries. In countries such as the United States and Finland, investment in knowledge is much greater than that in machinery and equipment. Furthermore, activities of R&D have intensified in most countries in the past decade but major developed n ations still remain unchanged in this area. The rate of growth of productivity is heavily influenced by improvements made in the skill composition of the workforce. More recently, the significance of innovation has been bolstered by the rapid technological advances and globalisation that have led to the establishment of new markets and new forms of competition that deliver consumers with innovative products and services. Even though these developments hasten the need for many countries to elevate the value chain; de Serres et al. (2006) opine that strengthening innovation performance is a major problem in these nations. An example is the slow progress witnessed with the Lisbon strategy of the European Union. However, a renewal of the strategy resulted in some success in helping the EU’s R&D and innovation performance – which is a key element of the Lisbon strategy; to increase the intensity of R&D in every economy. Innovation, however, is difficult to measure using R&D since for it to succeed it requires that a number of policies be implemented across extensive domains ranging from funding of the R&D, entrepreneurship, immigration, education as well as financial, product and labour market regulations. Analysis from the past decade reveals that the rapid increases in the intensity of R&D in many countries around the globe are due to a number of factors. These factors include (de Serres et al., 2006): i. Reduced anti-competitive regulations of the product market that

Starbucks Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Starbucks Research Paper - Essay Example (Chris, 2006, 84) ThÐ µrÐ µ Ð °rÐ µ diffÐ µrÐ µnt Ð °Ã'€Ã'€rÐ ¾Ã °chÐ µs tÐ ¾ Ð ¾rgÐ °nizÐ °tiÐ ¾nÐ °l bÐ µhÐ °viÐ ¾r, which is bÐ µst fÐ ¾r Ð °ll Ð ¾rgÐ °nizÐ °tiÐ ¾ns; instÐ µÃ °d, cÐ ¾mÃ'€Ð °niÐ µs must Ð µvÐ ¾lvÐ µ thÐ µ systÐ µm, which wÐ ¾rks bÐ µst fÐ ¾r thÐ µm with thÐ µ hÐ µlÃ'€ Ð ¾f Ð µffÐ µctivÐ µ Ã'€lÐ °nning, Ð °nd tÐ µchnÐ ¾lÐ ¾gicÐ °l suÃ'€Ã'€Ð ¾rt, which chÐ °ngÐ µs Ð ¾vÐ µr timÐ µ Ð °s thÐ µir Ð µnvirÐ ¾nmÐ µnt Ð °nd thÐ µ individuÐ °ls within thÐ °t Ð µnvirÐ ¾nmÐ µnt chÐ °ngÐ µ. OrgÐ °nizÐ °tiÐ ¾nÐ °l bÐ µhÐ °viÐ ¾r dÐ µÃ °ls with thÐ µ tÐ ¾Ã'€ mÐ °n tÐ ¾ thÐ µ bÐ ¾ttÐ ¾m mÐ °n, Ð µvÐ µryÐ ¾nÐ µ nÐ µÃ µds tÐ ¾ bÐ µ invÐ ¾lvÐ µd Ð °nd knÐ ¾w thÐ µ right Ð °ctiÐ ¾ns Ð °nd Ð °ttitudÐ µs fÐ ¾r Ð °n Ð ¾rgÐ °nizÐ °tiÐ ¾n tÐ ¾ sky rÐ ¾ckÐ µt Ð °nd Ð µxcÐ µl in thÐ µ futurÐ µ StÐ °rbucks CÐ ¾rÃ'€Ð ¾rÐ °tiÐ ¾n is thÐ µ wÐ ¾rlds numbÐ µr Ð ¾nÐ µ sÃ'€Ð µciÐ °lty cÐ ¾ffÐ µÃ µ rÐ µtÐ °ilÐ µr. It Ð ¾Ã'€Ð µrÐ °tÐ µs mÐ ¾rÐ µ thÐ °n 8,700 cÐ ¾ffÐ µÃ µ shÐ ¾Ã'€s in mÐ ¾rÐ µ thÐ °n 30 cÐ ¾untriÐ µs. ThÐ µ cÐ ¾mÃ'€Ð °ny is cÐ ¾mmittÐ µd tÐ ¾ Ð ¾ffÐ µring thÐ µ highÐ µst quÐ °lity cÐ ¾ffÐ µÃ µ Ð °nd "ThÐ µ StÐ °rbucks ExÃ'€Ð µriÐ µncÐ µ" whilÐ µ cÐ ¾nducting its businÐ µss in wÐ °ys thÐ °t Ã'€rÐ ¾ducÐ µ sÐ ¾ciÐ °l, Ð µnvirÐ ¾nmÐ µntÐ °l Ð °nd Ð µcÐ ¾nÐ ¾mic bÐ µnÐ µfits fÐ ¾r cÐ ¾mmunitiÐ µs in which it dÐ ¾Ã µs businÐ µss. (Chris, 2006, 84) "StÐ °rbucks Ã'€urchÐ °sÐ µs Ð °nd rÐ ¾Ã °sts high-quÐ °lity whÐ ¾lÐ µ bÐ µÃ °n cÐ ¾ffÐ µÃ µs Ð °nd sÐ µlls thÐ µm Ð °lÐ ¾ng with frÐ µsh, rich-brÐ µwÐ µd, ItÐ °liÐ °n stylÐ µ Ð µsÃ'€rÐ µssÐ ¾ bÐ µvÐ µrÐ °gÐ µs, Ð ° vÐ °riÐ µty Ð ¾f Ã'€Ð °striÐ µs Ð °nd cÐ ¾nfÐ µctiÐ ¾ns, Ð °nd cÐ ¾ffÐ µ Ð µ-rÐ µlÐ °tÐ µd Ð °ccÐ µssÐ ¾riÐ µs Ð °nd Ð µquiÃ'€mÐ µnt -- Ã'€rimÐ °rily thrÐ ¾ugh its cÐ ¾mÃ'€Ð °ny-Ð ¾Ã'€Ð µrÐ °tÐ µd rÐ µtÐ °il stÐ ¾rÐ µs." (HÐ °mbrick, 2007, 20) StÐ °rbucks CÐ ¾rÃ'€Ð ¾rÐ °tiÐ ¾n Ã'€urchÐ °sÐ µs Ð °nd rÐ ¾Ã °sts whÐ ¾lÐ µ bÐ µÃ °n cÐ ¾ffÐ µÃ µs Ð °nd sÐ µlls thÐ µm Ð °lÐ ¾ng with brÐ µwÐ µd cÐ ¾ffÐ µÃ µs, ItÐ °liÐ °n-stylÐ µ Ð µsÃ'€rÐ µssÐ ¾ bÐ µvÐ µrÐ °gÐ µs, cÐ ¾ld-blÐ µndÐ µd bÐ µvÐ µrÐ °gÐ µs, Ð ° vÐ °riÐ µty Ð ¾f fÐ ¾Ã ¾d itÐ µms, Ð ° sÐ µlÐ µctiÐ ¾n Ð ¾f tÐ µÃ °s Ð °nd Ð µvÐ µn Ð ° linÐ µ Ð ¾f cÐ ¾mÃ'€Ð °ct discs. "ThÐ µ Ð ¾riginÐ °l StÐ °rbucks, fÐ ¾undÐ µd in 1971, wÐ °s Ð ° cÐ ¾mÃ'€Ð °ny Ã'€Ð °ssiÐ ¾nÐ °tÐ µly cÐ ¾mmittÐ µd tÐ ¾ wÐ ¾rld-clÐ °ss cÐ ¾ffÐ µÃ µ Ð °nd

Parpgraising paragragh about phosphene and alkynyl legand Essay

Parpgraising paragragh about phosphene and alkynyl legand - Essay Example Large variety of phosphines are thus possible, while different widely available verities include 1,1’ (BINAP) and 2,2’-bis (diphenylphosphino). In such chiral systems, steric constraints come up, that can be resolved into diastereomers. While discussing reactivity of complexes belonging to phosphine ligands, two properties of these ligands are considered important. These properties relate to their steric bulk and their accepting ability, also called electron donating ability. (d-Metal OGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY) Like alkyl groups, alkynyl, alkenyl and aryl groups can bond to a metal form through a single carbon atom. For this property, these groups are described as â€Å"monohapto’. However, there is a possibility of each of these three groups accepting â€Å"pai† electron density into anti-bonding orbitals, although the same has not been observed, largely, so far. This can be ratified by an example, which shows little change in the stretching frequency of the triple bond in alkynyl complexes, as they attach to a metal; although â€Å"n-1 –alkynyl group† might be considered analogous to a CO group. As per d-metal organometallic chemistry noting, the displacement of halide with a lithium reagent at a metal center can make way for introduction of alkynyl groups into organometallic complexes. While looking at the donor-pair scheme of electron counting, alkynyl ligands are considered to be two-electron donors with a single negative charge. (alkenyl, alkynyl and aryl

Blue Zuma Project Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Blue Zuma Project - Term Paper Example Project Duration After adjusting the work timings and holidays of the project employees as well as the activities along with their relationships, it is estimated that the project would take two hundred and fifty (250) days for completion. The project would be completed on 22nd December 2008, as shown in the following snapshot. Critical Path of the Project The critical path of the project consists of the activities that include: (2) Market analysis, (3) Product design, (5) Product design selection, (8) Detailed Product design, (9) Test prototype, (10) Finalized product design, (12) Order production equipment, (13) Install production equipment and (14) Celebrate. Greatest Slack Time The greatest slack time is one hundred and fifty nine (159) of the activity named â€Å"Detailed Marketing Plan†. Network Sensitivity The network of the project titled â€Å"Blue Zuma† is not very sensitive, as there is free slack available that ranges from twenty (20) days (Manufacturing Proc ess) to one hundred and fifty nine (159) days (Detailed Marketing Plan), moreover, there is only one critical path of the project. Milestones The first sensible milestone of the project could be achieved after successfully completion of the activities that include: the Market Analysis, Product Design and Product Design Selection. The second milestone could be achieved by completing the activities that include: the Detailed Product Design, Test Prototype and Final Product Design. The milestone is represented with a diamond symbol as shown in the following snapshot. A comparison of Advantages and Disadvantages of the Schedule Table and Gantt Chart The Schedule table as a network diagram could be utilized to review the critical path of the project as well as the Early Start date, Early Finish date, Late Start date and Late Finish date of the activities as well as the project. One of the disadvantages of the network diagram is that it does not show the resource allocation of the activit ies. Whereas, the Gantt chart could be utilized to view the work breakdown structure or activity dependencies along with the activity start and finish time. The disadvantage of the Gantt chart is that it does not show the critical path and the predecessor as clearly as compared to the network diagram. Gantt chart - Snapshot Network Diagram – Snapshot Schedule Table showing ES, EF, LS, LF and Slack – Snapshot Part 2 – Resource Allocation Over Allocated Resources The four resources have been over-allocated in the project, the resources include: the Marketing Specialists, Design Engineers, Industrial Engineers and Purchasing Agent. In the following snapshot, the red color resources are over-allocated. Activities involving Over-Allocated Resources The Gantt chart has capabilities to show the activities which have resources that are over-allocated. Therefore, after reviewing the Gantt chart it has been found that there are three (3) activities having over-allocated r esources that include: the Detailed Marketing Plan, Detailed Product Design and Install Production Equipment. Over-Allocated Resources Levelling Within Slack After levelling the over-allocated resources within the slack (20 days, 159 days, 30 days etc.,) the two of the over-allocated resources named Marketing Specialists and Purchasing Agent have been regularized. However, still there are two over-allocated resources include: the Design Engineers and the Industrial Engine

Identify and critically assess the principles which underpin the EU Essay

Identify and critically assess the principles which underpin the EU Public Procurement - Essay Example Framework Procurement can be defined as â€Å"the purchase of commodities, goods, works or services by public administrators†.1 A public administrator in the EU Law includes state, government, association governed by public law and similar bodies. Collectively, public procurement accounts for 13.5% of the European Union’s GDP.2 This therefore means that the authorities have a duty to provide a legally acceptable set of guidelines that promotes the European Union’s single market system and also prevents leakages and unfair procurement practices and corruption. However, some challenges in the EU Procurement Laws do not enable the EU Procurement system to achieve its objectives. In the UK, the threshold for the observance of EU Public Procurement Law is ?100,000 for government supplies and ?4 million for works and services.3 These thresholds are really high. This gives room for various forms of manipulation. A public institution that desires to be mischievous is lik ely to buy goods and services in lower amounts so that they will not be required to follow the EU Procurement Rules. This gives room for easy evasion and manipulation. Reasons for the EU Public Procurement Laws The first reason why the EU Public Procurement Law was enacted was that the European Union has laws that guarantee the freedom of movement, person, capital and services across borders so nations and governments should not have public procurement systems that discriminate against people from other EU nations.4 Also, non-tariff protection exists for all EU businesses in the transfer of their goods and services across the various borders.5 The EU Procurement Law avoids amongst other things, discrimination against efficient companies by ensuring the fair treatment of all potential bidders for a public supply tenders across the EU. The extent to which the procurement law has protected non-national businesses in bids and tender is quite questionable. This is because with higher tra nsportation costs and diversity issues, it is often common for public institutions to choose local suppliers and not external suppliers. In summary, the EU Procurement Laws state that public institutions should honour three things in their operations.6 The are: 1. They must treat a business and person of other EU nationality fairly7 2. No discrimination, there should be equality 3. There should be transparency in bidding and tender selection process. However, with the uneven trends of development in the EU, there are cases when there is the need for positive discrimination to help some national businesses to grow by supplying to public institutions in the country. Adhering strictly to the public procurement framework can only cause some local businesses in smaller nations like Portugal and Latvia to collapse in the face of other richer businesses from more powerful nations like Germany, France and Britain. Overview of Underpinning Principles The main areas and aspects of the EU Publ ic Procurement policy include transparency, publicity, objectivity, accountability, non-discrimination and flexibility/redress.

Gender development in kids Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gender development in kids - Research Paper Example â€Å"Gender focuses on whether an individual is male or female based on how a person acts. It is related to what people expect from women and men. Sex, on the other hand, is related to a person's body. It has to do with whether an individual is biologically male or female (Myers-Walls, 2010).† Very few cases of wrong sex identification have happened in the past. Meanwhile, the gender of a person can only be known by himself or by those close to him, and this does not need to be printed in any legal document. According to Oswalt (2008), â€Å"Kohlberg's theory of gender identity development describes how young children learn to understand their gender, and what being that gender means in their everyday life. Kohlberg theorized that there are 3 stages to this process. Initially, during the early preschool years (ages 3 to 4 years), young children engage in gender labeling. Young children can tell the difference between boys and girls, and will label people accordingly. However , these very young children still believe that gender can change and is not permanent.† Influences on Gender Development of Children Everyone is influenced by society. From the moment each one is exposed to others, he begins to think about how he should act around them in terms of words and characteristics. Another influence that society has on an individual is the development of his gender. Recent studies show that children of age five and up already have an idea of the gender that they belong in, and it is also during this time that they act out to be a boy or girl depending on what they think is appropriate (Gender and Child Development, n.d). Oswalt (2008) also says that â€Å"by age 5, children tend to play with ‘gender-specific’ toys†¦Young boys often play together in larger groups, while young girls tend to play more in pairs and smaller groups.† Some of the stereotypes that the community has are that a little girl should play with dolls and a l ittle boy with trucks or other â€Å"masculine† toys. This is in reference to the kind of personality that they need to develop: women being passionate and kind and men being aggressive and strong. The children themselves do not know this during their early days, but when they look up at their models (i.e. parents, guardians, media), they try to act out the role of the one that they consider to be the most similar to them. Little girls tend to take up the actions of their mother, while little boys tend to copy their fathers. Durso (2000) also states that â€Å"gender stability  is the realization that girls grown up to be women, that they don't grow penises and becomes men, and vice versa. Little boys realize that their penises will not fall off and that they won't grow a vagina and become a woman.† This trend is disrupted when parents do not give their children the right affection that they deserve. For example, a father who wants to have a son and is given a daught er instead would either feel indifferent towards the daughter, or raise her as he would his son. A daughter that is raised in a masculine role most